Arrays works as a collection of elements & it is used to gather items to form a group  which is used to perform some operations like Binary Search,Sorting etc,

Arrays are declared like variables ,with a set of brackets [] after the datatype, like this,

//this is first way to declare an array.

int[] arrayinteger;

arrayinteger = new int[5];

//Next way to declare arrays.

int[] arrayinteger = new int[5];

The int[5] means that the array is a int datatype with it can hold 5 values.

Now take look at the picture.

Array Declaration

We can also initialise values in the array itself

consider this example:=

int[] arrayex = new int[5]{1,2,3,4,5};

foreach(int s in arrayex)

Console.WriteLine(s.Tostring());

Or

int[] arrayex = new int[5]{1,2,3,4,5};

For(int i = 0; i  < arrayex.Length; i ++)

{

Console.WriteLine(arrayex[i].tostring());

}

I feel this is a starting of arrays introduction , hereafter we will discuss to perform some of the operations of arrays like sorting,Properties,binding arrays with classes and array link list etc.

1.C# And JAVA:-

• Compiles into machine-independent language-independent code which runs in a managed execution enviornment.
  
• Garbage Collection coupled with the elimination of pointers (in C# restricted use is permitted within code marked unsafe)
• Powerful reflection capabilities
• No header files, all code scoped to packages or assemblies, no problems declaring one class before another with circular dependencies
• Classes all descend from object and must be allocated on the heap with new keyword
• Thread support by putting a lock on objects when entering code marked as locked/synchronized
• Interfaces, with multiple-inheritance of interfaces, single inheritance of implementations
• Inner classes
• No concept of inheriting a class with a specified access level
• No global functions or constants, everything belongs to a class
• Arrays and strings with lengths built-in and bounds checking
• The ‘.’ operator is always used, no more ->, :: operators
• null and boolean/bool are keywords
• All values are initialized before use
• Can’t use integers to govern if statements
• Try Blocks can have a finally clause.

2.PROPERTIES IN C#:-

properties will be familiar with delphi and visualbasic users.The main aspect is to make to inherit the concept of get/set methods that allows programmmers extensively in Application development.

public int Size {

get { return Size;  }

set { Size = value; }

}

this is same as in java :-

public int getsize()

{   return size; }

public void setsize() {  size = value;         }

we will discuss detail about properties later in the coming sessions.

3.INDEXERS :-

c# introduces a new concept called as INDEXERS-which allows objects to be treated as arrays.The indexers are known as smart-arrays in the c# community.it is same as the properties except each element is exposed with a get/set methods.

4.Delegates :-

A delegate is a type safe-function pointer used in .net framework,Delegates specify a method to call and optionally an object to call the method on.it improves on the function pointer approach by being type safe and being able to hold multiple methods. It improves on the interface approach by allowing the invocation of a method without the need for inner-class adapters or extra code to handle multiple-method invocations. The most important use of delegates is for event handling, which is in the next section (which gives an example of how delegates are used).

5.Libraries

A language is pretty much useless without libraries. C# has remarkably few core libraries, but utilizes the libraries of the .NET framework (some of which were built with C#). This article is mainly concerned with addressing the C# language in particular, rather than on .NET, which is best dealt with in a separate article. Briefly, the .NET libraries come with a rich set of libraries including Threading, Collection, XML, ADO+, ASP+, GDI+ & WinForms libraries. Some of these libraries are cross-platform, while others are Windows dependent, but see the next section for a discussion on platform support.

These are some of them i indent to explain other features include like

• Managed Execution Enviornment.
• Interoperability.
• Assemblies,Namespaces and Access Levels.
• Constructors / Destructors.
• Rectangular array.
• Attributes,Field Modifiers.
• Predefined types , Selection statements.
• Versioning.
• Parameter Modifiers.
• Interfaces.
• Polymorphism.
• Inheritance,
• Type Unifaction ,Structs etc.

These are some of the features of c# -in the coming sessions we will look each of them in a detail manner.

some of them are as follows :-

APL

APL is one of the most powerful, consistent and concise computer programming languages ever devised. It is a language for describing procedures in the processing of information. It can be used to describe mathematical procedures having nothing to do with computers or to describe the way a computer works.

C++

C++ is a true OOP. It is one of the early Object-Oriented programming languages. C++ derives from the C language.
VC++
Visual C++ is the name of a C++ compiler with an integrated environment from Microsoft. This includes special tools that simplify the development of great applications, as well as specific libraries. Its use is known as visual programming.

C# C# called as C Sharp is a full fledged Object-Oriented programming language from Microsoft built into the .NET Framework. First created in the late 1990’s was part of Microsoft’s whole .NET strategy.

Cobol :-

COBOL (Common Business Oriented Language) was the first widely-used high-level programming language for business applications. It is considered as a programming language to have more lines of code than any other language.

Component Pascal:-

Component Pascal is a Pascal derived programming language that is specifically designed for programming software components.

Eiffel

Eiffel is an Object-Oriented (OO) programming language which emphasizes the production of robust software. Eiffel is strongly statically typed mature Object-Oriented language with automatic memory management.

Forth

Forth is a programming language and programming environment. It features both interactive execution of commands (making it suitable as a shell for systems that lack a more formal operating system), as well as the ability to compile sequences of commands into threaded code for later execution.

compile sequences of commands into threaded code for later execution.

Fortran

Acronym for Formula Translator, Fortran is one of the oldest high-level programming languages that is still widely used in scientific computing because of its compact notation for equations, ease in handling large arrays, and huge selection of library routines for solving mathematical problems efficiently.

Haskell

Haskell is a computer programming language that is a polymorphicly typed, lazy, purely functional language, quite different from most other programming languages. It is a wide-spectrum language, suitable for a variety of applications. It is particularly suitable for programs which need to be highly modifiable and maintainable.

Microsoft JScript

Microsoft JScript is the Microsoft implementation of the ECMA 262 language specification. JScript is an interpreted, object-based scripting language. It has fewer capabilities than full-fledged Object-Oriented languages like C++ but is more than sufficiently powerful for its intended purposes.

Mercury

Mercury is a new logic/functional programming language, which combines the clarity and expressiveness of declarative programming with advanced static analysis and error detection features. Its highly optimized execution algorithm delivers efficiency far in excess of existing logic programming systems, and close to conventional programming systems. Mercury addresses the problems of large-scale program development, allowing modularity, separate compilation, and numerous optimization/time trade-offs.

Mondrian

Mondrian is a simple functional scripting language for Internet applications. It is a functional language specifically designed to  inter-operate with other languages in an OO environment. Current versions of Mondrian run on .NET. Mondrian also supports ASP.NET, allowing you to embed functional language code in web pages along with C# code.

Oberon

Oberon is a programming language very much like Modula-2 in syntax but with several interesting features. It’s based on OOP concepts and provides a Windows-based graphical user interface.

Oz

Oz is a high-level programming language that combines constraint inference with concurrency. Oz is dynamically typed and has first-class procedures, classes, objects, exceptions and sequential threads synchronizing over a constraint store. It supports finite domain and feature constraints and has powerful primitives for programming constraint inference engines at a high level.

Pascal

Principle objectives for Pascal were for the language to be efficent to implement and run, allow for the development of well structured and well organized programs, and to serve as a vehicle for the teaching of the important concepts of computer programming. The Prime area of application that Pascal entails is the learning environment. This language was not really developed to be used for anything other than teaching students the basics of programming as it was originally developed for this purpose.

Perl

Practical Extraction and Report Language, Perl, is a language optimized for scanning arbitrary text files, extracting information from those text files, and printing reports based on that information. It’s also a good language for many system management tasks.

Python

Python is an interpreted, interactive, Object-Oriented programming language. Python combines remarkable power with very clear syntax. It has modules, classes, exceptions, very high level dynamic data types, and dynamic typing.

RPG

Report Program Generator, RPG, is used for generation of reports from data files, including matching record and sub-total reports. RPG is one of the few languages created for punch card machines that are still in common use today. RPG or RPG IV is a native programming language for IBM’s iSeries minicomputer system.

Scheme

Scheme is a statically scoped programming language. It was designed to have an exceptionally clear and simple semantics and few different ways to form expressions. A wide variety of programming paradigms, including imperative, functional, and message passing styles, find convenient expression in Scheme.

Small Talk

SmallTalk is an expressive language that uses a simple sub set of human languages, nouns and verbs. Smalltalk was the first, and remains one of the few, pure object systems, which simply means that everything in a Smalltalk program is an object. Smalltalk is generally recognized as the second Object Programming Language (OPL).

Standard ML

Standard ML is a safe, modular, strict, functional, polymorphic programming language with compile-time type checking and type inference, garbage collection, exception handling, immutable data types and updatable references, abstract data types, and parametric modules. It has efficient implementations and a formal definition with a proof of soundness.

Microsoft Visual Basic

Visual Basic is a “visual programming” environment for developing Windows applications. Visual Basic makes it possible to develop complicated applications very quickly. This site is all about Visual Basic.

CLR Enviornment :-

The CLR is the underlying .Net infrastructure whose facilities cover all the requirements of the software development-unlike other software libraries such as MFC,ATL etc-CLR is built from a clear state.

Common Language Runtime :-

Figure shows two portions of the .Net Framework-the bottom postion is the CLR Enviornment and the Top portion is the Portable Executable (PE) or CLR Executables which are .Net assemblies or units of deployment

The CLR is the runtime engine that loads required classes ,performs Just-In -Time compilation on needed methods ,enforces security checks and accomplishes the bunch of runtime functionalities.

.Net Portable Executable (PE):-

A Windows executable, EXE or DLL, must conform to a file format called the PE file format,which is a derivative of the Microsoft Common Object File Format (COFF). Both of theseformats are fully specified and publicly available. The Windows OS knows how to load and execute DLLs and EXEs because it understands the format of a PE file. Given this, any compiler that wants to generate Windows executables must obey the PE/COFF specification.

Standard Windows PE files are divided into two major sections. The first section includes thePE/COFF headers that reference the contents within the PE file. In addition to the header section,the PE file holds a number of native image sections, including the .data, .rdata, .rsrc, and.text sections. These are the standard sections of a typical Windows executable, but Microsoft’s C/C++ compiler allows you to add your own custom sections into the PE file using a compiler pragma statement. For example, you can create your own data section to hold encrypted data that only you can read. Taking advantage of this ability, Microsoft has added a few new sections to the normal PE file specifically to support the CLR’s functionality. The CLR understands andmanages the new sections. For example, the CLR will read these sections and determine how to load classes and execute your code at runtime.

Portable Executable Format :-

As shown in Figure, the sections that Microsoft has added to the normal PE format are the CLR header and the CLR data sections. While the CLR header stores information to indicate that the PE file is a .NET executable, the CLR data section contains metadata and IL code, both of which determine how the program will be executed.

Also the other CLR Enviornment includes Metadata,Assemblies,Manifests,MSIL,CTS,CLS etc,we will discuss in the coming sessions …..

• Distributed computing :-
  

Simplifies the development of robust client/server applications. Current distributed technologies require high vendor-affinity and lack interoperation with the Web.Microsoft .NET provides a remoting architecture that exploits open Internet standards,including the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), Extensible Markup Language (XML),and Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP).

• Componentization :-
  

Simplifies the integration of software components developed by different vendors. TheComponent Object Model (COM) has brought reality to software plug-and-play, but COM component development and deployment are too complex. Microsoft .NET provides a simpler way to build and deploy components.

• Enterprise services :-

Allow the development of scalable, enterprise applications without writing code to manage transaction, security, or pooling. Microsoft .NET continues to support enterprise services, since these services have greatly reduced development time and effort for building large-scale applications.

• Web paradigm shifts :-
  

Represents changes in web technologies to simplify the development of web applications.Over the last few years, web application development has shifted from connectivity(TCP/IP), to presentation (HTML), to programmability (XML and SOAP). A key goal of Microsoft .NET is to enable software to be sold and distributed as a service.

• Maturity factors :-
  

Represents lessons that the software industry has learned from developing large-scale enterprise and web applications. A commercial web application must support interoperability, scalability, availability, and manageability. Microsoft .NET facilitates all these goals.

Although these are the main concepts that Microsoft .NET incorporates, what’s more notable is that Microsoft .NET uses open Internet standards (HTTP, XML, and SOAP) at its core to transmit an object from one machine to another across the Internet. In fact, there is bidirectional mapping between XML and objects in .NET. For example, a class can be expressed as an XML Schema Definition (XSD); an object can be converted to and from an XML buffer; a method can be specified using an XML format called Web Services Description Language (WSDL); and an invocation (method call) can be expressed using an XML format called SOAP.

Net Framework is a new development framework  with a new programming interfaces with windows services and API’s ,integrating a number of technologies that are part of microsoft from the late 1990′s.This includes COM+ Component services,ASP web development framework,a commitment to XML and  object-oriented design ,also with support for new web services protocols like WSDL,UDDI,SOAP etc,

.Net Overall Architecture

The plateform consists of four product groups-they are :-

• Development Tools :-

A set of languages including c#.net,vb.net,a set of development tools including Visual studio.net,a comprehensive class library for building web abd windows based applications ,as well as Common language Runtime to execute objetc built within the .net framework.

• Specialized-Servers :-

A set of enterprise servers like sqlserver2005,exchange server,Biztalk Server,Sharepoint etc these servers have special functionality in providing data storage solutions,B2B commerce,Email, other data centric applications development etc.

• Web Services :-

Micrsoft provides various web servcies both with third party support and also with integrity support to enable web applications to interoperable over networks.

• Devices :-

This provides a layout model to design Non-PC based devices like cell-phones to gameboxes(X-BOX) etc.

C# Data types are of generally two types:

Values types:-

• Value types are allocated to stack(It is a data structure which stores in FIFO type-it is a area of memory and is determined at compiled time).
• Value type variable contains the value of the variable itself.
• When you copy a value type, the actual data is actually copied and each variable is independently manipulated.
• Int, float, Boolean, double etc are value types categories.
• struct is a value type.

Reference types:-

• Reference types are allocated to heap(Heap consists of memory available at Run time).
• Reference type variable contains the address of the memory location where it is stored.
• When copying a reference type variable, only the memory address is copied, both variable still locate in the same location
• String and object are reference types.
• Classes and interfaces are references types.

The following program defines the list of Integral ,Float datatypes

Integral-Datatypes